The School of International Development and Global Studies (SIDGS) offers an interdisciplinary graduate program leading to the degree of PhD in International Development. The program caters to students from both academic and professional backgrounds, and is offered in both English and French. In accordance with the University of Ottawa regulation, students have the right to produce their work, their thesis, and to answer examination questions in French or in English. The program is offered on a full-time basis.
Two fields are offered in the PhD Program:
- Development Theory and Critique
- Development Policy and Practice
Further information on the fields and research interests of the professors is posted on the program website.
The program operates within the framework of the general regulations in effect for graduate studies.
For the most accurate and up to date information on application deadlines, language tests and other admission requirements, please visit the specific requirements webpage.
Admission to the PhD program is governed by the general regulations in effect for graduate studies.
To be considered for admission, applicants must:
- Hold a master’s degree or equivalent in International Development Studies or in a related discipline. Examples of related disciplines include Economics, Education, Geography, Law, Political Science, Sociology and Anthropology.
- Have achieved a minimum average of 80% (A-) calculated in accordance with graduate studies guidelines.
Language Requirements
An active knowledge of French or English is essential. Applicants must indicate in their application the language in which they intend to take the majority of their courses. Applicants whose first language is other than English or French and who have completed their BA and MA degrees in a language other than English or French must provide proof of their level of competence in one of these languages. In the case of English, applicants must have a TOEFL score of 100 or an equivalent score on another test. In the case of French, the applicant must obtain a level of F7 on the Immersion Admission Test administered by the University of Ottawa’s Official Languages and Bilingualism Institute (OLBI). The School of International Development and Global Studies (SIDGS) reserves the right to conduct an interview and to require a test in either language. If a student’s doctoral research requires knowledge of a language other than French or English, the School may require proof of such knowledge.
Fast-Track from Master's to PhD Program
Students enrolled in the MA program in Globalization and International Development may be allowed to fast-track to the PhD program in International Development without being required to write a master’s thesis, provided they meet the following conditions:
- Completion of six master’s courses (18 units) including at least three courses in Globalization and International Development with a minimum average of 8/10 overall and 8.5/10 in three Globalization and International Development courses.
- Satisfactory progress in the research program.
- Submission of a well developed research plan that must include, at a minimum, a thesis proposal and background literature review.
- Written recommendation from the proposed PhD thesis supervisor.
- Recommendation by the PhD studies committee.
- Approval of the vice-dean (graduate studies) of the Faculty of Social Sciences.
Students must request permission to fast-track during the fourth term of enrollment or earlier and, if approved, must enroll in the PhD in the fifth or, at the latest, in the sixth term. To receive the doctorate, students must successfully complete 30 units of courses (MA + PhD), the comprehensive examinations, the thesis proposal and the thesis. The total number of course units required may be reduced by six, as determined by the PhD Studies Committee.
The requirements of the PhD program in International Development include successful completion of 12 units of coursework, two comprehensive examinations, a thesis proposal and a thesis.
Requirements for this program have been modified. Please consult the 2018-2019 calendars for the previous requirements.
| Code | Title | Units |
|---|---|---|
| Compulsory Courses | ||
| DVM 8108 | Research Seminar in International Development | 3 Units |
| DVM 8111 | International Development Theory, Policy and Practice | 6 Units |
| Optional courses | ||
| 3 optional course units from: 1 | 3 Units | |
| Economic Growth, Private Sector and Social Inclusion | ||
| Livelihoods, Resources and Sustainability | ||
| Conflict, Transitions and Peace | ||
| Social Movements, Equity and Human Rights | ||
| Comprehensive Examinations | ||
| DVM 9995 | Examen de synthèse / Comprehensive Exam 2 | |
| Thesis Proposal | ||
| DVM 9998 | Thesis Proposal 3 | |
| Thesis | ||
| THD 9999 | Doctoral Thesis | |
Note(s)
- 1
The optional course is selected from the program’s list of SIDGS graduate courses. Under exceptional circumstances, students may select a course from another graduate program with permission of both the DVM doctoral program director and the director of the other program.
- 2
Subject to the successful completion of all the course requirements, enrollment in the Comprehensive Examination (DVM 9995) is permitted.
- 3
The thesis proposal, prepared under the direction of the thesis supervisor, must be defended to the satisfaction of the Thesis Advisory Committee (TAC). The proposal must normally be successfully completed by the end of the fifth term. In the event of failure, the proposal can be resubmitted and defended the following term at the latest. A second failure leads to withdrawal from the program. The proposal must be successfully completed before submitting it to the Research Ethics Board (if required) and before undertaking any independent data collection.
Thesis Advisory Committee (TAC)
During the first term, a thesis advisory committee (consisting of the thesis supervisor and at least two other professors) is assigned in consultation with the student. At least two of the committee members must be professors within the School of International Development and Global Studies (SIDGS). The composition of the committee is confirmed at the end of the first year. This committee is responsible for approving the thesis proposal and for advising the student throughout the program.
Additional Requirements
The requirements outlined above are a minimum. The Admissions Committee reserves the right to add up to two other courses if considered essential in light of the student’s academic background.
Research at the University of Ottawa
Located in the heart of Canada’s capital, a few steps away from Parliament Hill, the University of Ottawa ranks among Canada’s top 10 research universities. Our research is founded on excellence, relevance and impact and is conducted in a spirit of equity, diversity and inclusion.
Our research community thrives in four strategic areas:
- Creating a sustainable environment
- Advancing just societies
- Shaping the digital world
- Enabling lifelong health and wellness
From advancing healthcare solutions to tackling global challenges like climate change, the University of Ottawa’s researchers are at the forefront of innovation, making significant contributions to society and beyond.
Research at the Faculty of Social Sciences
The Faculty of Social Sciences represents a place of excellence in knowledge creation, research and training. Driven by both disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives, research at the Faculty is rich, innovative and varied, contributing to the depth of understanding and breadth of discussions on a variety of issues nationally and internationally. This research, whether it be fundamental, theoretical, applied or action-oriented, is generated by our renowned expertise, ultimately culminating in applications designed to influence individual communities and the betterment of society.
We have identified five research themes which collectively represent a large proportion of the research undertaken at the Faculty of Social Sciences:
- International Studies
- Francophonie
- Public Policy
- Health, Well-Being
- Justice, Society
Facilities, Research Centres and Institutes at the Faculty of Social Sciences
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Citizenship and Minorities (CIRCEM), Centre for International Policy Studies (CIPS), Centre for Public Management and Policy, Centre for Research on Educational and Community Service (CRECS), Centre on Governance (COG), Human Rights Research and Education Centre (affiliation), Institute of Feminist and Gender Studies and Institute for Science, Society and Policy.
For more information, refer to the list of faculty members and their research fields on Uniweb.
IMPORTANT: Candidates and students looking for professors to supervise their thesis or research project can also consult the website of the faculty or department of their program of choice. Uniweb does not list all professors authorized to supervise research projects at the University of Ottawa.
DVM 5100 Understanding International Development and Globalization (3 units)
Study of leading theories and debates on the meaning, challenges and possibilities of development and globalization. Analysis and discussion of the different aspects of development and globalization, including its cultural, political economic, security, legal and territorial implications. Interdisciplinary approach, with a focus on discussion and evaluation of key texts.
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 5101 Research Methods (3 units)
Research methods in international development and global studies. Analysis of epistemological foundations as well as ethical and practical issues associated with qualitative, quantitative and mixed research methodologies. Discussions of key aspects of research proposal development (stages, formulating sharp research questions, nature of a literature review).
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 5171 Monitoring and Evaluation (3 units)
The main approaches to development monitoring and evaluation of policies, programs and projects, which may include cost-benefit analysis, randomized controlled trials, qualitative evaluations, performance narratives, attribution analysis, outcome mapping, utilization-focused evaluation, participatory monitoring and evaluation. Consideration of links between monitoring, evaluation, and learning. Follows the guidelines of the International Development Evaluation Society (IDEAS).
Course Component: Lecture
DVM 5172 Gender-based Analysis (3 units)
Tools and critical analysis skills necessary for examining power dynamics and biases in gender relations, and commonly applied by major development organizations. Focus on human rights and gender-based analysis plus (GBA+) tools, gender mainstreaming techniques, and innovative approaches that will prepare students for conducting gender analyses.
Course Component: Lecture
DVM 5173 Financing for Development Initiatives (3 units)
Practical consideration of the modalities and issues associated with financing development initiatives. Particular attention will be paid, on the one hand, to the principal institutional sources of finance, such as multilateral, bilateral, public and public-private sources, and on the other hand, to innovative financing mechanisms such as microfinance, micro-insurance, social impact investing, crowdfunding, and public-private blended finance.
Course Component: Lecture
DVM 5500 Comprendre le développement international et la mondialisation (3 crédits)
Étude des principaux débats et théories sur le sens, les défis, et les possibilités du développement et de la mondialisation. Analyse et discussion des divers aspects du développement et de la mondialisation, des répercussions culturelles, politiques, économiques et juridiques ainsi que des conséquences sur les territoires et la sécurité. Approche interdisciplinaire mettant l'accent sur l'étude et l'évaluation de textes clés.
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 5501 Méthodes de recherche (3 crédits)
Méthodologies de recherche au sein des études du développement international et de la mondialisation. Analyse des fondements épistémologiques ainsi que des enjeux éthiques et pratiques des méthodologies quantitatives, qualitatives et mixtes. Discussion d'aspects clefs de l'élaboration du projet de recherche individuel (étapes d'élaboration, qualité d'une question de recherche, nature d'une revue de littérature).
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 5571 Suivi et évaluation (3 crédits)
Les principales approches de suivi et d’évaluation des politiques, programmes et projets de développement, incluant les analyses coûts-bénéfices, les essais aléatoires contrôlés, les évaluations qualitatives, le récit explicatif des performances, l’analyse d’attribution, la cartographie des incidences, l’évaluation axée sur l’utilisation, ainsi que le suivi et l’évaluation participatifs. Connecter les résultats issus des processus de suivi, d’évaluation et d’apprentissage. Élaboré autour du cahier de charges de l’International Development Evaluation Society (IDEAS).
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 5572 Analyse axée sur le genre (3 crédits)
Les outils et les compétences d'analyse critique couramment utilisés par les principales organisations de développement pour étudier les dynamiques de pouvoir et les biais entourant les relations de genre. Accent sur des outils tels l’analyse comparative entre les sexes plus (ACS+) et les droits de la personne, l’intégration de la dimension de genre (mainstreaming) et les approches novatrices, et vise à préparer les étudiants à effectuer des analyses de genre.
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 5573 Financement des initiatives de développement (3 crédits)
Étude pratique des modalités et des enjeux du financement des initiatives de développement. L’attention sera portée, d’une part, sur les principales sources institutionnelles de financement telles que le financement multilatéral, bilatéral, public, privé et public-privé, et, d’autre part, sur les mécanismes de financement innovants, tels que la micro-finance, la micro-assurance, les investissements à forts impacts sociaux, les financements communautaires, et les financements mixtes privés-publics.
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 5910 Stage en mondialisation/Développement international / Internship in Globalization/International Development (3 crédits / 3 units)
Stage au Canada ou à l'étranger en milieu de travail. Noté S (satisfaisant) ou NS (non satisfaisant) par un professeur du programme en fonction du rapport écrit et de l'évaluation du superviseur de stage. / Workplace internship in Canada or abroad. Graded S (Satisfactory) / NS (Not satisfactory) by a professor in the program based on the written report and the evaluation of the internship supervisor.
Volet / Course Component: Stage / Work Term
Préalable : réussite des 12 crédits de cours obligatoires du programme. Exclusion : étudiants inscrits dans l'option coop. / Prerequisite: Successful completion of the 12 compulsory units in the program. Exclusion: Students registered in the co-op option.
DVM 5999 Exigence de langue / Language (3 crédits / 3 units)
Noté S (satisfaisant) ou NS (non satisfaisant). / Graded S (Satisfactory) / NS (Not satisfactory).
Volet / Course Component: Cours magistral / Lecture
DVM 6101 Economic Growth, Private Sector and Social Inclusion (3 units)
Understanding economic development, including the roles of the private sector and public policy, particularly in terms of their impact on economic growth, living standards, social inclusion, poverty and inequality, and human development.
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 6102 Livelihoods, Resources and Sustainability (3 units)
Interaction between society and nature. Consideration of how power shapes the use of resources such as land, water, food, or energy, and on how livelihoods adapt to environmental change in various rural and urban contexts. Theoretical lenses include commons theory, social ecological resilience, political ecology, and political economy.
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 6103 Conflict, Transitions and Peace (3 units)
Relationships between insecurity, transitions, peace and development. Key debates on links between development and security or, conversely, between insecurity, conflict and development. Different critical perspectives on the security-development nexus. Issues surrounding human (in)security, as well as key debates on transitions and peace.
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 6104 Social Movements, Equity and Human Rights (3 units)
Social movements, civil society, and informal networks, their roles, actions and impacts in the struggle against the vicious cycles of inequality and vulnerability in developing countries. Themes include class, gender, ethnicity, citizenship and migration.
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 6105 International Development Programming: Results-Based Approaches (3 units)
The evolving international policy context for development effectiveness; results-based management for different actors and modalities (national strategies, program-based approaches, projects); how to practice RBM through the programming cycle (design, budgeting, implementation, monitoring & evaluation, etc.); RBM in different contexts (e.g. in middle-income countries versus fragile and conflict-affected states); limits of RBM-based approaches.
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 6110 Directed Studies in Globalization and International Development (3 units)
Course Component: Lecture
DVM 6111 Special Topics in Economic Growth, Private Sector and Social Inclusion (3 units)
Course Component: Lecture
DVM 6112 Special Topics in Environment, Natural Resources and Sustainability (3 units)
Course Component: Lecture
DVM 6113 Special Topics in Conflict, Transitions and Peace (3 units)
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 6114 Special Topics in Rights, Social Movements and Power (3 units)
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 6115 Special Topics in Professional Skills for International Development and Globalization (3 units)
Course Component: Lecture
DVM 6120 Special Topics in International Development (3 units)
Course Component: Lecture
DVM 6501 Croissance économique, secteur privé et inclusion sociale (3 crédits)
Comprendre le développement économique, notamment à travers les rôles du secteur privé et des politiques publiques, ainsi que leurs impacts sur la croissance économique, le développement humain, l'inclusion sociale, la pauvreté et les inégalités.
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 6502 Modes de vie, ressources et durabilité (3 crédits)
Relation entre les sociétés et la nature. Une attention particulière est accordée à la manière dont les relations de pouvoir orientent et déterminent l'utilisation de ressources comme la terre, l'eau, la nourriture et l'énergie ainsi qu'à la manière dont les moyens d'existence s'adaptent aux changements environnementaux dans des contextes ruraux et urbains variés. Les diverses approches conceptuelles incluent la théorie des biens publics, la résilience sociale et écologique, l'écologie politique et l'économie politique.
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 6503 Conflit, transitions et paix (3 crédits)
Les relations entre l'insécurité, les transitions, la paix et le développement. Les débats principaux portant sur les liens entre développement et sécurité ou, à l'inverse, entre insécurité, conflit et développement. Les différentes perspectives critiques quant à la connexion entre sécurité et développement. Enjeux associés avec l'(in)sécurité humaine, ainsi que les débats actuels en matière de transition et de paix.
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 6504 Mouvements sociaux, équité et droits humains (3 crédits)
Rôles, actions et impact des mouvements sociaux, de la société civile, et des réseaux informels dans la lutte contre le cercle vicieux de l'inégalité et de la vulnérabilité dans les pays en développement. Les thèmes abordés comprennent les questions de classe, de genre, d'ethnicité, de citoyenneté et de migration.
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 6505 La programmation en développement international : Les approches axées sur les résultats (3 crédits)
Le discours de l'efficacité de la coopération internationale comme contexte clé; les approches axées sur les résultats (AAR) pour divers acteurs et modalités (stratégies nationales, approches programmatiques, projets); les AAR dans le cycle de programmation (conceptualisation, planification budgétaire, mise en oeuvre, suivi et évaluation, etc.); les AAR dans divers contextes (ex. économies a revenu moyen versus États fragiles); limites des approches AAR.
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 6510 Études dirigées en mondialisation et développement international (3 crédits)
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 6511 Thèmes choisis en croissance économique, secteur privé et inclusion sociale (3 crédits)
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 6512 Thèmes choisis en environnement, ressources naturelles et durabilité (3 crédits)
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 6513 Thèmes choisis en conflit, transitions et paix (3 crédits)
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 6514 Thèmes choisis en droits, mouvements sociaux et pouvoir (3 crédits)
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 6515 Thèmes choisis en connaissances profession. pour le développement international et la mondialisation (3 crédits)
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 6520 Thèmes choisis en développement international (3 crédits)
Volet : Cours magistral
DVM 6998 Mémoire / Research Paper (6 crédits / 6 units)
Volet / Course Component: Recherche / Research
Préalables : DVM 5500, DVM 5501. / Prerequisites: DVM 5100, DVM 5101.
DVM 8108 Research Seminar in International Development (3 units)
Study of advanced techniques of qualitative and quantitative methods used in development research and analysis. Methods examined include the use of statistical analysis, comparative methodology, case study selection, discourse analysis, interview techniques and focus groups, and participative methods.
Course Component: Seminar
DVM 8111 International Development Theory, Policy and Practice (6 units)
Integrated study of the major theories and policies and practice in international development. Focus on the major texts that constitute the canon of international development studies. Key theories and approaches will include imperialism/colonialism, modernization theory, structuralist economics, dependency theory, neoliberal/neoclassical economics, and post-modern and post-colonial theory. Study of policy formulation and the role of strategic planning in the global South. Emphasis will be placed on how international institutions and policy documents impact upon the global South and how, in turn, changes in domestic and international environments shape these institutions and actors. Various political planning approaches are also examined.
Course Component: Lecture
The courses DVM 8111, DVM 8109, DVM 8110 cannot be combined for units.
DVM 81111 International Development Theory, Policy and Practice (Part 1 of 2)
Integrated study of the major theories and policies and practice in international development. Focus on the major texts that constitute the canon of international development studies. Key theories and approaches will include imperialism/colonialism, modernization theory, structuralist economics, dependency theory, neoliberal/neoclassical economics, and post-modern and post-colonial theory. Study of policy formulation and the role of strategic planning in the global South. Emphasis will be placed on how international institutions and policy documents impact upon the global South and how, in turn, changes in domestic and international environments shape these institutions and actors. Various political planning approaches are also examined. (Part 1 of 2)
Course Component: Lecture
The courses DVM 81111, DVM 8109, DVM 8110 cannot be combined for units.
DVM 81112 International Development Theory, Policy and Practice (Part 2 of 2) (6 units)
Integrated study of the major theories and policies and practice in international development. Focus on the major texts that constitute the canon of international development studies. Key theories and approaches will include imperialism/colonialism, modernization theory, structuralist economics, dependency theory, neoliberal/neoclassical economics, and post-modern and post-colonial theory. Study of policy formulation and the role of strategic planning in the global South. Emphasis will be placed on how international institutions and policy documents impact upon the global South and how, in turn, changes in domestic and international environments shape these institutions and actors. Various political planning approaches are also examined. (Part 2 of 2)
Course Component: Lecture
Prerequisite: DVM 81111. The courses DVM 81112, DVM 8109, DVM 8110 cannot be combined for units.
DVM 8508 Séminaire de recherche en développement international (3 crédits)
Étude des techniques avancées en méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives utilisées en matière de recherche et d'analyse en développement. Les méthodes examinées incluent l'utilisation des outils statistiques, la méthodologie comparative, la sélection d'études de cas, l'analyse de discours, les techniques d'enquêtes et d'interviews de publics cibles, et les méthodes participatives.
Volet : Séminaire
DVM 8511 Théories, politiques et pratiques du développement international (6 crédits)
Étude intégrée des principales théories, politiques et pratiques en développement international. Accent sur les textes et documents phares des études en développement international. Les théories et approches clés incluront l'impérialisme / colonialisme, la théorie de la modernisation, l'économie structuraliste, la théorie de la dépendance, l'économie néolibérale / néoclassique, le post-modernisme et le post-colonialisme. Étude de la formulation des politiques et du rôle de la planification stratégique dans les pays du Sud. L'accent sera mis sur l'influence des institutions internationales et des documents de politique dans le Sud, et sur la manière dont les changements de l'environnement national et international façonnent ces institutions et acteurs. Diverses approches de planification politique seront également examinées.
Volet : Cours magistral
Les cours DVM 8511, DVM 8509, DVM 8510 ne peuvent être combinés pour l'obtention de crédits.
DVM 85111 Théories, politiques et pratiques du développement international (partie 1 de 2)
Étude intégrée des principales théories, politiques et pratiques en développement international. Accent sur les textes et documents phares des études en développement international. Les théories et approches clés incluront l'impérialisme / colonialisme, la théorie de la modernisation, l'économie structuraliste, la théorie de la dépendance, l'économie néolibérale / néoclassique, le post-modernisme et le post-colonialisme. Étude de la formulation des politiques et du rôle de la planification stratégique dans les pays du Sud. L'accent sera mis sur l'influence des institutions internationales et des documents de politique dans le Sud, et sur la manière dont les changements de l'environnement national et international façonnent ces institutions et acteurs. Diverses approches de planification politique seront également examinées. (partie 1 de 2)
Volet : Cours magistral
Les cours DVM 85111, DVM 8509, DVM 8510 ne peuvent être combinés pour l'obtention de crédits.
DVM 85112 Théories, politiques et pratiques du développement international (partie 2 de 2) (6 crédits)
Étude intégrée des principales théories, politiques et pratiques en développement international. Accent sur les textes et documents phares des études en développement international. Les théories et approches clés incluront l'impérialisme / colonialisme, la théorie de la modernisation, l'économie structuraliste, la théorie de la dépendance, l'économie néolibérale / néoclassique, le post-modernisme et le post-colonialisme. Étude de la formulation des politiques et du rôle de la planification stratégique dans les pays du Sud. L'accent sera mis sur l'influence des institutions internationales et des documents de politique dans le Sud, et sur la manière dont les changements de l'environnement national et international façonnent ces institutions et acteurs. Diverses approches de planification politique seront également examinées. (partie 2 de 2)
Volet : Cours magistral
Préalable: DVM 85111. Les cours DVM 85112, DVM 8509. DVM 8510 ne peuvent être combinés pour l'obtention de crédits.
DVM 8950 Thèmes choisis en développement international / Special Topic in International Development (3 crédits / 3 units)
Étude approfondie d'une problématique ou d'un sujet lié aux tendances émergeantes en développement international. / In-depth examination of a question or topic linked to emerging trends or research areas in international development.
Volet / Course Component: Cours magistral / Lecture
Préalable: connaissance active soit du français soit de l’anglais et connaissance au moins passive de l’autre langue. / Prerequisite: Active knowledge of either English or French and at least a passive knowledge of the other language.
DVM 8955 Lectures dirigées / Directed Studies (3 crédits / 3 units)
Cours individuel ayant pour objectif d'approfondir les connaissances de l'étudiant dans un domaine particulier ou de lui permettre de se familiariser avec un nouveau domaine. Le sujet est déterminé et développé en consultation avec le professeur responsable et en conformité avec les directives du département. Le travail remis dans ce cours doit être différent de ce qui a pu être soumis dans d'autres cours, y compris le projet de thèse, le mémoire ou la thèse. Il y a une limite d'un cours de lectures dirigées par étudiant et la permission n'est accordée que dans des circonstances exceptionnelles. Préalable : Permission du responsable des études doctorales. / Individual course aimed at deepening a student's knowledge of a particular area or at gaining knowledge of a new area. The topic is selected and developed in consultation with the supervising professor in accordance with departmental guidelines. The work submitted for this course must be different from that submitted for other courses, including the thesis proposal, the master's research paper or the thesis. Maximum of one directed readings course per student and permission granted only under exceptional circumstances.
Volet / Course Component: Cours magistral / Lecture
Permission du Département est requise. / Permission of the Department is required.
DVM 9995 Examen de synthèse / Comprehensive Exam
Volet / Course Component: Recherche / Research
Préalables: Réussite de toutes les exigences de cours. / Prerequisites:Successful completion of all course requirements.